NXIVM Leader Keith Raniere: His Life Today After Starting the Cult

When Keith Raniere launched NXIVM, he billed it as a personal-development program and promised would-be members to help them improve their lives in ways no one else could. 

The group, with Raniere as its leader, grew to attract thousands of members, including successful professionals, politicians and even celebrities, such as Smallville actress Allison Mack. 

But beneath the self-help facade lurked a predatory pyramid scheme built on psychological manipulation—one that law enforcement officials would later say led to racketeering, forced labor and fraud. Raniere, who called himself “Vanguard,” wielded control over NXIVM’s members, officials said, employing science-tinged rhetoric, self-help jargon and escalating pressure to recruit others.

He also secretly operated an even more nefarious subgroup: DOS or “Dominus Obsequious Sororum,” Latin for “master over slave women.” Inside the clandestine subgroup, women were branded, shamed and coerced into sexual servitude.

Raniere formed Executive Success Programs in the Albany, N.Y., suburb of Colonie in 1998 with Nancy Salzman, a former psychiatric nurse. They eventually rebranded the program as NXIVM—an acronym whose meaning is unclear but is pronounced NEX-ee-um— marketing it as an elite training program for members to achieve their full potential in exclusive personal-development workshops and seminars. 

The workshops cost between from $6,000 to $10,000. Thousands, literally, bought in: An estimated 18,000 men and women ultimately joined NXIVM.  

A hierarchical indoctrination system sustained member loyalty. Participants paid thousands more dollars in escalating fees to advance, driven by intense pressure to rise through the ranks by recruiting peers and making increasing financial commitments. Raniere shamed members who threatened to quit.

Inside DOS, the subgroup in which women were abused, Raniere required female members to provide personal information that could be used as blackmail against them if they left.  

The behind-the-scenes abuses started to unfold publicly in 2017, when former NXIVM publicist Frank Parlato began publishing information about it on his personal blog, The Frank Report. 

More media exposure quickly followed, including a New York Times exposé and later, popular docuseries The Vow that showcased survivor experiences and the organization’s inner workings.

Survivors of DOS described being seared with a cauterizing device and branded with a symbol as an initiation into the group in interviews with The New York Times. Some said they were forced into taking nude photos and eating 500-calorie daily diets by Raniere and high-ranking female “masters" who controlled female “slaves.” Multiple women were forced to have sex with Raniere, or to have abortions. 

The allegations were so shocking that several past NXIVM members called for an investigation. 

After the Times’ report, Raniere moved to Mexico. Immigration officials arrested him in March 2018 at villa outside Puerto Vallarta and brought him to the U.S. to face federal charges. 

In June 2019, a federal jury found Raniere guilty of multiple felony counts, including racketeering, sex trafficking, forced labor conspiracy, child pornography and sex trafficking of a child, following weeks of testimony that revealed lurid details of Raniere’s crimes. 

On October 27, 2020, a federal judge sentenced Raniere to 120 years in prison and imposed a fine of $1.75 million, punishments designed to reflect the severity of his decades of abuse, officials said. “The 120-year sentence imposed on Keith Raniere today is a measure of his appalling crimes committed over a decade,” Seth DuCharme, then-interim U.S. Attorney for the Eastern District of New York, said in a statement following the sentencing.

U.S. District Judge Nicholas Garaufis ordered Raniere to pay more than $3.4 million in restitution to 21 victims, funds aimed at paying for therapy and the removal of branding scars.

“Raniere exploited and abused his victims emotionally, physically and sexually for his personal gratification,” DuCharme said. “It is my hope that today’s sentence brings closure to victims.”

Saltzman, NXIVM’s cofounder, pleaded guilty to racketeering and racketeering conspiracy. She was sentenced to 42 months in prison. 

Several other people were also charged and pleaded guilty in the aftermath of the federal investigation into NXIVM, including Mack, the actress, who pleaded guilty to blackmailing women and was sentenced to three years in prison for her role in recruiting and controlling the group’s “slaves.”

Raniere began his prison time at the U.S. Penitentiary in Lewisburg, Pa., before being transferred to a federal lockup in Tucson, Ariz., that came under scrutiny in 2023 following allegations of violence and lack of proper inmate care. 

Raniere’s appeals asserting ineffective counsel and other grievances were denied on December 9, 2022, when the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit upheld his conviction and sentence.

In a final blow to NXIVM, the federal government in 2025 sold its campus in Colonie—which had been forfeited following Raniere’s convictions—for $700,000.